Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-4 (of 4 Records) |
Query Trace: Prose R[original query] |
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Impact of wearing and washing/drying of permethrin-treated clothing on their contact irritancy and toxicity for nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks
Connally NP , Rose DA , Breuner NE , Prose R , Fleshman AC , Thompson K , Wolfe L , Broeckling CD , Eisen L . J Med Entomol 2018 56 (1) 199-214 Permethrin-treated clothing is available as consumer products to prevent bites by tick and insect pests. We used bioassays to examine the impact of wearing and washing/drying of permethrin-treated shirts, pants, and socks, and wearing of treated shoes, on their contact irritancy and toxicity for nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks, the primary vectors in the eastern United States of the causative agents of Lyme disease, human anaplasmosis, and human babesiosis. Pristine permethrin-treated clothing displayed strong contact irritancy and toxicity toward I. scapularis nymphs, with 0-30% of ticks across clothing types and tick sources displaying normal movement 1 h after forced contact for 30-120 s with treated textile. Following 16 d of wear and 16 rounds of machine washing and drying, we recorded reduced concentrations (by 50-90%) of permethrin, compared with pristine treated clothing, from shirts, pants, and socks. This loss of permethrin was associated with reduced contact irritancy and toxicity for ticks after forced contact with worn and washed/dried treated clothing: 31-67% of ticks displayed normal movement 1 h after contact. Nevertheless, the worn and washed/dried treated clothing was still superior to nontreated textile, for which 90-100% of ticks displayed normal movement. Treated shoes, which were worn but not washed, remained as toxic to the ticks as pristine treated shoes. We caution that these laboratory bioassay results should not be interpreted as being directly indicative of the outcome of using washed/worn permethrin-treated clothing in daily life. Although wear and washing/drying did reduce the irritancy and toxicity of permethrin-treated clothing for I. scapularis nymphs more than we had expected, the remaining effect might still reduce the risk of tick bites in a real-life scenario. |
Contact irritancy and toxicity of permethrin-treated clothing for Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum, and Dermacentor variabilis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)
Prose R , Breuner NE , Johnson TL , Eisen RJ , Eisen L . J Med Entomol 2018 55 (5) 1217-1224 Clothing treated with the pyrethroid permethrin is available in the United States as consumer products to prevent tick bites. We used tick bioassays to quantify contact irritancy and toxicity of permethrin-treated clothing for three important tick vectors of human pathogens: the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae); the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae); and the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae). We first demonstrated that field-collected I. scapularis nymphs from Minnesota were as susceptible as laboratory-reared nymphs to a permethrin-treated textile. Field ticks examined in bioassays on the same day they were collected displayed contact irritancy by actively dislodging from a vertically oriented permethrin-treated textile, and a forced 1-min exposure resulted in all ticks being unable to move normally, thus posing no more than minimal risk of biting, 1 h after contact with the treated textile. Moreover, we documented lack of normal movement for laboratory-reared I. scapularis nymphs by 1 h after contact for 1 min with a wide range of permethrin-treated clothing, including garments made from cotton, synthetic materials, and blends. A comparison of the impact of a permethrin-treated textile across tick species and life stages revealed the strongest effect on I. scapularis nymphs (0% with normal movement 1 h after a 1-min exposure), followed by A. americanum nymphs (14.0%), I. scapularis females (38.0%), D. variabilis females (82.0%), and A. americanum females (98.0%). Loss of normal movement for all ticks 1 h after contact with the permethrin-treated textile required exposures of 1 min for I. scapularis nymphs, 2 min for A. americanum nymphs, and 5 min for female I. scapularis, D. variabilis, and A. americanum ticks. We conclude that use of permethrin-treated clothing shows promise to prevent bites by medically important ticks. Further research needs are discussed. |
Bioassays to evaluate non-contact spatial repellency, contact irritancy, and acute toxicity of permethrin-treated clothing against nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks
Eisen L , Rose D , Prose R , Breuner NE , Dolan MC , Thompson K , Connally N . Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017 8 (6) 837-849 Summer-weight clothing articles impregnated with permethrin are available as a personal protective measure against human-biting ticks in the United States. However, very few studies have addressed the impact of contact with summer-weight permethrin-treated textiles on tick vigor and behavior. Our aim was to generate new knowledge of how permethrin-treated textiles impact nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks, the primary vectors in the eastern United States of the causative agents of Lyme disease, human anaplasmosis, and human babesiosis. We developed a series of bioassays designed to: (i) clarify whether permethrin-treated textiles impact ticks through non-contact spatial repellency or contact irritancy; (ii) evaluate the ability of ticks to remain in contact with vertically oriented permethrin-treated textiles, mimicking contact with treated clothing on arms or legs; and (iii) determine the impact of timed exposure to permethrin-treated textiles on the ability of ticks to move and orient toward a human finger stimulus, thus demonstrating normal behavior. Our results indicate that permethrin-treated textiles provide minimal non-contact spatial repellency but strong contact irritancy against ticks, manifesting as a "hot-foot" effect and resulting in ticks actively dislodging from contact with vertically oriented treated textile. Preliminary data suggest that the contact irritancy hot-foot response may be weaker for field-collected nymphs as compared with laboratory-reared nymphs placed upon permethrin-treated textile. We also demonstrate that contact with permethrin-treated textiles negatively impacts the vigor and behavior of nymphal ticks for >24h, with outcomes ranging from complete lack of movement to impaired movement and unwillingness of ticks displaying normal movement to ascend onto a human finger. The protective effect of summer-weight permethrin-treated clothing against tick bites merits further study. |
Public health then and now: celebrating 50 years of MMWR at CDC. Foreword
Frieden TR . MMWR Suppl 2011 60 (4) 1 Alexander Langmuir became the first Chief Epidemiologist at CDC (then called the Communicable Disease Center) in 1949. One of his many enduring contributions to the agency and to public health was to engineer the transfer in 1961 of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) from its former home at the National Office of Vital Statistics to CDC. This supplement to MMWR celebrates the anniversary of its arrival at CDC and the 50‐year contribution it has made to CDC and public health. Langmuir had the foresight to envision the revitalization of the decades‐old publication, not only to enable CDC to share its work with the nation, but also to influence the practice and impact of public health throughout the world. This supplement celebrates MMWR through perspectives on how public health has changed during the past 50 years. Articles in this issue reflect on how the focus of public health has expanded from communicable disease to also include a broad array of acute and chronic public health challenges. | | Langmuir had a powerful ability to visualize the future but an even more powerful ability to realize his vision through the force of his strong will and his flair for recruiting and mentoring young men and women in public health. MMWR was part of his vision, and as its unofficial editor for many years, he demanded high‐quality science presented in clear and crisp prose---qualities that have endured to the present day. | | Like so many of Langmuir's innovations, MMWR has evolved with the years but it has always remained vital to each new challenge. As CDC's flagship publication, MMWR documents the impact of public health programs throughout the United States and the world, and in many cases acts as a catalyst for improvement. When health departments or ministries seek CDC's scientific information, often driven by urgent threats to the public's health, they seek out MMWR for its clearly crafted scientific articles and reliable clinical and public health recommendations based on the best available science. | | In Langmuir's day, issuing a weekly scientific publication was unusual, if not unprecedented, at a federal agency. Langmuir could not have envisioned that his MMWR would one day be available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week on computers, cell phones, and portable electronic devices of all kinds. Today MMWR is distributed worldwide through both print and electronic media and employs the latest communications technologies, including the Internet, e‐mail, social media, and podcasts. As new methods of communication evolve, so will MMWR. | | Surveillance and epidemiology have always been the cornerstones of public health. The MMWR series has provided a mechanism to communicate data from national and international surveillance systems, as well as from epidemiologic, statistical, and laboratory research. During the past 2 decades, terrorism and emergency response, modernization and globalization of the food supply, and a wide range of environmental health threats have dramatically affected public health practice---and these stories have all been carefully told in the pages of MMWR. | | Many of the most important communicable disease events during the past 50 years have been marked by articles in MMWR. Examples include the discovery of the bacterial cause of Legionnaires disease in 1977; the initial reports linking Reye syndrome to salicylates in 1980; the first five published cases of AIDS in 1981; the first report of iatrogenic HIV transmission in 1990; the first case reports of the intentional release of anthrax spores in 2001; the first reports of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; and the first two reports of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) . | | Even in its early days at CDC, MMWR published many reports on noninfectious diseases, such as pentachlorophenol poisoning in newborn infants in 1967; lead absorption in 1973; angiosarcoma of the liver among workers exposed to polyvinyl chloride in 1974; and acute childhood leukemia in 1976. In recent years, MMWR has published more reports on noninfectious diseases, injuries, chronic diseases, and related behaviors (e.g., arthritis, autism spectrum disorder, depression, infant maltreatment, sleep deprivation, and excessive television viewing), and many reports on the leading causes of death: cardiovascular disease, smoking, stroke, obesity, and harmful alcohol use. | | In recent decades, behavioral and social science, economics, informatics, and genomics increasingly have contributed to public health, and reports of these have appeared with increasing regularity in MMWR. Public health events such as contamination of commercial food products, threats to patient safety in health‐care settings, and natural disasters (e.g., the recent floods in the Midwest, heat waves in the Northeast, the earthquake in Haiti, and flooding in Pakistan) will continue to challenge the health infrastructure. In addition, health reform and the coalescence of clinical medicine, veterinary medicine, and public health are creating new opportunities for promoting prevention as the defining concept in improving the health of the public. Innovations such as electronic health records are providing unique opportunities to better understand and improve health care and health status. Through all these changes, MMWR will continue reporting on urgent, emerging, and routine public health findings, thereby helping CDC monitor and protect the public's health at home and around the world, and will remain an essential tool for CDC's far‐ranging mission. | |
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